ScienceDaily: Top News

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• Worm lizards dispersed by 'rafting' over oceans, not continental drift
• Tiny songbird discovered to migrate non-stop, 1,500 miles over the Atlantic
• Discovering missing body parts of ancient fossils: Waves and storms lifted fossils off the seafloor 550 million years ago
• Cultivating timeflow: Can consumers shape how they experience time?
• Saving money: Do consumers spend less if they think about the future?
• When are consumers more likely to rely on feelings to make decisions?
• Better method for forecasting hurricane season
• How are ordinary consumers transforming the fashion business?
• A matter of taste: When do products benefit from mixed reviews?
• Do consumers think products are better when companies donate to charity?
• Model helps city planners prepare to weather large storms
• Chronic loneliness in older adults leads to more doctors' office visits, study finds
• Folic acid may help elderly weather heat waves
• Protein may improve liver regeneration: GF21 boosts regenerative ability in mice carrying human PPAR alpha protein
• Skin tough: Why skin is resistant to tearing
• Daily dam releases on Massachusetts' deerfield river reduce downstream flows
• Scientists one step closer to finding how to repair damaged nerve cells
• Stereotypes persist that class, privilege determine intellect and success
• Soil organic matter susceptible to climate change
• Exercise largely absent from US medical school curriculum, study shows
• Bullying by students with disabilities reduced by social-emotional learning
• In Alzheimer's mice, memory restored with cancer drug
• Non-invasive technique allows amputee to use bionic hand, powered by his thoughts
• Criminologist challenges effectiveness of solitary confinement
• Significant reduction in fatal car crashes after increase in alcohol taxes
• Soft, energy-efficient robotic wings
• Restoring IL-17 may treat skin infections related to chronic alcohol consumption
• The rapid rise of human language
• Memory immune cells that screen intruders as they enter lymph nodes
• Genetic variability in the platelet linked to increased risk for clotting
• Age matters: Discovering why antidepressants don't work well for kids
• Bacteria play an important role in long term storage of carbon in the ocean
• Brittle bone disease: Drug research offers hope
• Early education narrows the achievement gap with younger starts and longer stays
• Wobbly no more: Work on analogical processing helps children learn key engineering principle
• Intestinal bacteria can be used to classify effects of different diseases
• Can 'ghosts' cause bad air? Poor indoor air quality and 'sightings'
• Brain's 'gender' may be quite flexible: Mechanism that plays key role in sexual differentiation of brain described
• History of depression puts women at risk for diabetes during pregnancy, study finds
• Domestic violence deters contraception
• Score! Video gamers may learn visual tasks more quickly
• Poor behavior linked to time spent playing video games, not the games played
• 'Gold standard' for pain relief after shoulder surgery may not be 24 karat
• Researchers map seasonal greening in US forests, fields, and urban areas
• Scientists discover elusive secret of how continents formed
• What makes a child feel unsafe in their neighborhood?
• A robot prepared for self-awareness: Expanded software architecture for walking robot Hector
• Keeping hungry elephants at bay
• How did he do it? Mayor Bloomberg's public health strategy evaluated
• On the edge of extinction: Tiny pupfish go without breathing to survive their harsh environment
• Using Twitter to probe political polarization
• 200th anniversary of Tambora eruption a reminder of volcanic perils
• Travelling pollution: East Asian human activities affect air quality in remote tropical forests
• People in MTV docusoaps are more ideal than real: Obese characters are no-shows in 'reality' programs
• 'Pan-Eurasian experiment' searches for solutions to Northern climate, environmental issues
• Secrets of the seahorse tail revealed
• How to make a profit from rotting garbage
• HIV patients experience better kidney transplant outcomes than hepatitis c patients
• Internet searches create illusion of personal knowledge, research finds
• New clues to why poor nutrition in the womb leads to obesity later in life

Worm lizards dispersed by 'rafting' over oceans, not continental drift Posted: 31 Mar 2015 06:58 PM PDT Tiny, burrowing reptiles known as worm lizards became widespread long after the breakup of the continents, leading scientists to conclude that they must have dispersed by rafting across oceans soon after the extinction of the dinosaurs, rather than by continental drift as previously thought.

Tiny songbird discovered to migrate non-stop, 1,500 miles over the Atlantic Posted: 31 Mar 2015 06:58 PM PDT For the first time biologists report 'irrefutable evidence' that tiny blackpoll warblers complete a nonstop flight from about 1,410 to 1,721 miles (2,270 to 2,770 km) in just two to three days. For this work the scientists fitted geolocator packs on 20 birds in Vermont and 20 more in Nova Scotia. They were able to recapture three birds from the Vermont group and two from the Nova Scotia group for analyses.

Discovering missing body parts of ancient fossils: Waves and storms lifted fossils off the seafloor 550 million years ago Posted: 31 Mar 2015 03:06 PM PDT Certain specimens of the fossil Dickinsonia are incomplete because ancient currents lifted them from the sea floor, a team of paleontologists has found. Sand then got deposited beneath the lifted portion, the researchers report, strongly suggesting that Dickinsonia was mobile, easily separated from the sea floor and not attached to the substrate on which it lived.

Cultivating timeflow: Can consumers shape how they experience time? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 03:06 PM PDT Why does time seem to crawl if you're waiting in line at the post office, but hours can fly by in minutes when you're doing something fun? A new study examines the factors that determine how consumers experience time.

Saving money: Do consumers spend less if they think about the future? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT Why is it so hard for consumers to save money? According to a new study, consumers are often impatient and do not think about the long-term consequences of spending money.

When are consumers more likely to rely on feelings to make decisions? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT Why do some consumers make choices based on their feelings instead of rational assessments? According to a new study, consumers who consider themselves independent are more inclined to rely on feelings when making decisions.

Better method for forecasting hurricane season Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT A better method for predicting the number of hurricanes in an upcoming season has been developed by atmospheric scientists. The team's new model improves the accuracy of seasonal hurricane forecasts for the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico by 23 percent.

How are ordinary consumers transforming the fashion business? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT One of the most important shifts of the 21st century is the ability of consumers to participate in markets they love such as music and fashion. A new study reveals how ordinary consumers have changed the inner workings of the fashion business by sharing their passion for fashion on a wide variety of websites.

A matter of taste: When do products benefit from mixed reviews? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT How do consumers react to products with diverse online reviews? According to a new study, a mix of positive and negative reviews can benefit products that are evaluated based on personal taste.

Do consumers think products are better when companies donate to charity? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:59 PM PDT Does hearing about a company's charitable donations raise your opinion of their products? According to a new study, corporate social responsibility leads consumers to believe products are better quality.

Model helps city planners prepare to weather large storms Posted: 31 Mar 2015 02:58 PM PDT Researchers have developed a modeling tool to help local communities better understand their vulnerabilities to large storms stoked by climate change.

Chronic loneliness in older adults leads to more doctors' office visits, study finds Posted: 31 Mar 2015 12:47 PM PDT Experiences of loneliness and social isolation can lead to increased health care use among older adults, according to new research. The study found that the frequency of physician visits was particularly influenced by chronic loneliness -- and suggests that the identification and targeting of interventions for lonely elders may significantly decrease physician visits and health care costs.

Folic acid may help elderly weather heat waves Posted: 31 Mar 2015 12:47 PM PDT Supplemental folic acid can enhance blood vessel dilation in older adults, according to researchers, suggesting that folic acid supplements may be an inexpensive alternative for helping older adults to increase skin blood flow during heat waves and reduce cardiovascular events.

Protein may improve liver regeneration: GF21 boosts regenerative ability in mice carrying human PPAR alpha protein Posted: 31 Mar 2015 12:47 PM PDT Researchers have illuminated an important distinction between mice and humans: how human livers heal. The difference centers on a protein called PPAR alpha which activates liver regeneration.

Skin tough: Why skin is resistant to tearing Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:52 AM PDT Researchers have recorded the first direct observations of the micro-scale mechanisms behind the ability of skin to resist tearing. The results could be applied to the improvement of artificial skin, or to the development of thin film polymers for flexible electronics.

Daily dam releases on Massachusetts' deerfield river reduce downstream flows Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:52 AM PDT In the first-of-its-kind study of the environmental effects of hydropeaking, that is releasing water at hydropower dams to meet peak daily electricity demand, two researchers say their unexpected findings suggest that about 10 percent of released water may be permanently lost, making that water unavailable to downstream users and wildlife.

Scientists one step closer to finding how to repair damaged nerve cells Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:52 AM PDT A team of researchers has uncovered a new kind of synergy in the development of the nervous system, which explains an important mechanism required for neural circuits to form properly. This breakthrough could eventually help develop tools to repair nerve cells following injuries to the nervous system (such as the brain and spinal cord).

Stereotypes persist that class, privilege determine intellect and success Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:52 AM PDT A meritocracy holds that if you work hard enough, you can succeed in life, regardless of race, religion, gender or social status. But a new study suggests that, despite egalitarian efforts to downplay class as a forecaster for intelligence and achievement, many people still believe their destiny is tied to their station in life.

Soil organic matter susceptible to climate change Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:52 AM PDT Soil organic matter, long thought to be a semi-permanent storehouse for ancient carbon, may be much more vulnerable to climate change than previously thought. Scientists have found that the common root secretion, oxalic acid, can promote soil carbon loss by an unconventional mechanism -- freeing organic compounds from protective associations with minerals.

Exercise largely absent from US medical school curriculum, study shows Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:51 AM PDT Fewer than half of the physicians trained in the United States in 2013 received formal education or training on the subject of exercise, according to new research. "There are immense medical benefits to exercise; it can help as much as medicine to address some health concerns," said a national expert on the benefits of physical activity. "Because exercise has medicinal as well as other benefits, I was surprised that medical schools didn't spend more time on it."

Bullying by students with disabilities reduced by social-emotional learning Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:51 AM PDT Peer victimization -- bullying -- declined 20 percent among students with disabilities who participated in Second Step social-emotional learning curricula, authors of a new study report. More than 120 students with disabilities at two school districts in the Midwest United States participated in the research, which was part of a larger three-year clinical trial of the widely used social-emotional learning curricula Second Step.

In Alzheimer's mice, memory restored with cancer drug Posted: 31 Mar 2015 11:51 AM PDT Memory and as well as connections between brain cells were restored in mice with a model of Alzheimer's given an experimental cancer drug, researchers report. "With this treatment, cells under bombardment by beta amyloid plaques show restored synaptic connections and reduced inflammation, and the animal's memory, which was lost during the course of the disease, comes back," said the senior author of the study.

Non-invasive technique allows amputee to use bionic hand, powered by his thoughts Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT Medical researchers have created an algorithm that allowed a man to grasp a bottle and other objects with a prosthetic hand, powered only by his thoughts.

Criminologist challenges effectiveness of solitary confinement Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT A criminologist finds that solitary confinement does not deter inmates from committing further violence in prison. The prisoners in the study who received solitary confinement were no more -- or less -- violent behind bars after the punishment, according to the study. Solitary confinement also did not affect how soon an inmate committed further violent acts while incarcerated.

Significant reduction in fatal car crashes after increase in alcohol taxes Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT Increasing state alcohol taxes could prevent thousands of deaths a year from car crashes, say researchers, who found alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes decreased after taxes on beer, wine and spirits went up in Illinois.

Soft, energy-efficient robotic wings Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT Researchers have discovered a new resonance phenomenon in a dielectric elastomer rotary joint that can make the artificial joint bend up and down, like a flapping wing.

Restoring IL-17 may treat skin infections related to chronic alcohol consumption Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT Alcoholism takes a toll on every aspect of a person's life, including skin problems. Now, a new research report helps explain why this happens and what might be done to address it. "The clinical association between alcoholism and severe skin infection is well established," said one expert. "The ability to experimentally model skin immune deficiencies that occur in chronic alcoholics opens up new avenues to test immune-based therapies to better protect this population and thereby limit the spread of infectious disease to the broader community as well."

The rapid rise of human language Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT Human language likely developed quite rapidly into a sophisticated system, a linguist contends. Instead of mumbles and grunts, people deployed syntax and structures resembling the ones we use today, this expert suggests.

Memory immune cells that screen intruders as they enter lymph nodes Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:13 AM PDT A new population of 'memory' immune cells has been discovered by scientists, throwing light on what the body does when it sees a microbe for the second time. This insight, and others like it, will enable the development of more targeted and effective vaccines.

Genetic variability in the platelet linked to increased risk for clotting Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:08 AM PDT Coronary heart disease and stroke, two of the leading causes of death in the United States, are diseases associated with heightened platelet reactivity. A new study in humans suggests an underlying reason for the variability in the risk of clotting is due to a genetic variation in a receptor on the surface of the platelet.

Age matters: Discovering why antidepressants don't work well for kids Posted: 31 Mar 2015 10:08 AM PDT A new study had researchers seeking answers to why the therapeutic benefit afforded by SSRIs was so limited in children and teenagers. If researchers can uncover the biological mechanisms preventing available treatments from producing antidepressant effects, scientists can then target those mechanisms to develop new antidepressants that will treat childhood and adolescent depression more effectively.

Bacteria play an important role in long term storage of carbon in the ocean Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:16 AM PDT The ocean is a large reservoir of dissolved organic molecules, and many of these molecules are stable against microbial utilization for hundreds to thousands of years. They contain a similar amount of carbon as compared to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Researchers found answers to questions about the origin of these persistent molecules in a recent study.

Brittle bone disease: Drug research offers hope Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:16 AM PDT A drug being developed to treat osteoporosis may also be useful for treating osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease, a rare but potentially debilitating bone disorder that that is present from birth, scientists say.

Early education narrows the achievement gap with younger starts and longer stays Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:16 AM PDT New research reveals high-quality early education is especially advantageous for children when they start younger and continue longer. Not only does more high-quality early education significantly boost the language skills of children from low-income families, children whose first language is not English benefit even more.

Wobbly no more: Work on analogical processing helps children learn key engineering principle Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:16 AM PDT Children love to build things. Often half the fun for them is building something and then knocking it down. But in a new study children had just as much fun learning how to keep their masterpieces upright -- they learned a key elementary engineering principle.

Intestinal bacteria can be used to classify effects of different diseases Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:14 AM PDT It is possible to quantify and classify the effects of different diseases on the activity of intestinal bacteria, new research demonstrates for the first time. Human intestinal flora, known as microbiota, can be considered as an additional organ in the body. It consists of millions of bacteria that interact with each other and with the body, thus affecting its functioning and health. It is known that many intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and diseases such as obesity, cancer and autoimmune diseases can cause changes in the composition of gut bacteria.

Can 'ghosts' cause bad air? Poor indoor air quality and 'sightings' Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:12 AM PDT A team of researchers is studying possible links between reported hauntings and indoor air quality. It is known that some fungi, such as rye ergot fungus, may cause severe psychosis in humans.

Brain's 'gender' may be quite flexible: Mechanism that plays key role in sexual differentiation of brain described Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:12 AM PDT During prenatal development, the brains of most animals, including humans, develop specifically male or female characteristics. But scientists have known little about the details of how this differentiation occurs. Now, a new study has illuminated details about this process. Researchers succeeded in transforming the brain of a female rat after an important developmental window had closed, giving it the characteristics of a male rat brain.

History of depression puts women at risk for diabetes during pregnancy, study finds Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:12 AM PDT A history of depression may put women at risk for developing diabetes during pregnancy, according to research. This study also pointed to how common depression is during pregnancy and the need for screening and education.

Domestic violence deters contraception Posted: 31 Mar 2015 09:12 AM PDT Women who are abused by their partner or ex-partner are much less likely to use contraception; this exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases and leads to more frequent unintended pregnancies and abortions. These findings could influence how physicians provide contraceptive counseling.

Score! Video gamers may learn visual tasks more quickly Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:36 AM PDT Video games not only sharpen the visual processing skills of frequent players, they might also improve the brain's ability to learn those skills, according to a new study. Gamers showed faster consolidation of learning when moving from one visual task to the next than did non-gamers.

Poor behavior linked to time spent playing video games, not the games played Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:36 AM PDT Children who play video games for more than three hours a day are more likely to be hyperactive, get involved in fights and not be interested in school, says a new study. It examined the effects of different types of games and time spent playing on children's social and academic behavior.

'Gold standard' for pain relief after shoulder surgery may not be 24 karat Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:36 AM PDT Around 10,000 patients undergo shoulder surgery in Ontario every year and most go home the same day. Since it's quite a painful procedure, a lot of effort goes into making sure patients can manage their pain while at home recovering. The current "gold standard" for pain management is a single shot of freezing such as lidocaine or ropivacaine to reduce pain during and after surgery, which is still performed under general anesthetic. Doctors had thought that this freezing, coupled with oral painkillers, would manage pain and keep patients comfortable for the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery, but this may not be the case.

Researchers map seasonal greening in US forests, fields, and urban areas Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:36 AM PDT Using the assessment tool ForWarn, US Forest Service researchers can monitor the growth and development of vegetation that signals winter's end and the awakening of a new growing season. Now these researchers have devised a way to more precisely characterize the beginning of seasonal greening, or 'greenup,' and compare its timing with that of the 14 previous years. Such information helps land managers anticipate and plan for the impacts of disturbances such as weather events and insect pests.

Scientists discover elusive secret of how continents formed Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:36 AM PDT Geoscientists have revealed information about how continents were generated on Earth more than 2.5 billion years ago -- and how those processes have continued within the last 70 million years to profoundly affect the planet's life and climate.

What makes a child feel unsafe in their neighborhood? Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT Differences in the way children and adults perceive the world extend to their sense of safety in their social and physical environments and this in turn can impact their health, say researchers. "While we knew that a child's sense of safety is informed by his or her own parents' sense of safety, we did not know how the child's own perceptions of their environment contributes to this sense," explained the study's first author.

A robot prepared for self-awareness: Expanded software architecture for walking robot Hector Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT A year ago, researchers showed that their software endowed the walking robot Hector with a simple form of consciousness. Their new research goes one step further: they have now developed a software architecture that could enable Hector to see himself as others see him. "With this, he would have reflexive consciousness," explains an expert. The architecture is based on artificial neural networks.

Keeping hungry elephants at bay Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT Until now electric fences and trenches have proved to be the most effective way of protecting farms and villages from night time raids by hungry elephants. But researchers think they may have come up with another solution – the recorded sound of angry predators.

How did he do it? Mayor Bloomberg's public health strategy evaluated Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT How did former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg succeed in achieving so much of his "comprehensive and far-reaching" public health agenda? Key strategies included harnessing the full authority of the City health department and mobilizing the existing workforce to focus on targeted reforms, according to a study.

On the edge of extinction: Tiny pupfish go without breathing to survive their harsh environment Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT The endangered desert pupfish has made itself at home in the harsh, hot environment of Death Valley hot springs by using a surprising evolutionary adaptation: They can go for up to five hours without oxygen.

Using Twitter to probe political polarization Posted: 31 Mar 2015 08:34 AM PDT Most often on Twitter, those we engage with are like-minded, and the ensuing electronic maelstrom of 140-character missives serves to reinforce, pulling us and them further along in the direction we were already trending toward. All that sound and fury can signify something, however: researchers in Spain have recently developed a model to detect the extent to which a conversation on Twitter -- and thus the actual offline argument and political climate -- is polarized.

200th anniversary of Tambora eruption a reminder of volcanic perils Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:24 AM PDT The volcanologist Stephen Self, an expert on super-eruptions, was the first modern-day scientist to visit Tambora in Indonesia, the site of the largest volcanic eruption in 1,000 years. On the 200th anniversary of its eruption in 1815, Self and others warn of the ever-present dangers of volcanoes like Tambora. Globally dispersed clouds of sulfate aerosols could lead to cooling, crop failures and famine, as happened in the 'year without a summer' of 1816.

Travelling pollution: East Asian human activities affect air quality in remote tropical forests Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:24 AM PDT Researchers have detected a human fingerprint deep in the Borneo rainforest in Southeast Asia. Cold winds blowing from the north carry industrial pollutants from East Asia to the equator, with implications for air quality in the region. Once there, the pollutants can travel higher into the atmosphere and impact the ozone layer.

People in MTV docusoaps are more ideal than real: Obese characters are no-shows in 'reality' programs Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:10 AM PDT More midriff, cleavage and muscle is seen in MTV's popular television docusoaps such as The Real World, Jersey Shore or Laguna Beach than in the average American household. Semi-naked brawny Adonises and even more scantily clad thin women strut around on screen simply to grab the audience's attention. In the process, they present a warped view to young viewers about how they should look.

'Pan-Eurasian experiment' searches for solutions to Northern climate, environmental issues Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:10 AM PDT European, Russian and Chinese scientific leaders and researchers in climate issues gathered recently in Helsinki, Finland for a conference on the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). "Global warming and other comparable ecosystem changes have dramatic effects in the Arctic and the Boreal regions. These are the regions which we have very little information on", say experts. PEEX is a multi-disciplinary, multi-decadal research program for the Northern and the Arctic areas. It mostly involves basic research in the natural sciences, but is also expected to produce concrete and technical solutions for environmental problems.

Secrets of the seahorse tail revealed Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:09 AM PDT A team of engineers and biologists reports new progress in using computer modeling and 3D shape analysis to understand how the unique grasping tails of seahorses evolved. These prehensile tails combine the seemingly contradictory characteristics of flexibility and rigidity, and knowing how seahorses accomplish this feat could help engineers create devices that are both flexible and strong.

How to make a profit from rotting garbage Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:08 AM PDT Landfills can make a profit from all their rotting waste and a new patent explains exactly how to make the most out of the stinky garbage sites. Decomposing trash produces methane, a landfill gas that can be used to produce electricity or heat. Since methane is a greenhouse gas and most landfills don't produce enough of it to make energy production worthwhile, many dumpsites burn, or flare, the methane away so that the harmful gas does not escape into the atmosphere. But a new process shows how landfills can up their methane production to turn a profit.

HIV patients experience better kidney transplant outcomes than hepatitis c patients Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:08 AM PDT HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-positive kidney transplant patients experienced superior outcomes when compared to kidney transplant patients with Hepatitis C and those infected with both HIV and Hepatitis C, according to a study.

Internet searches create illusion of personal knowledge, research finds Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:08 AM PDT Searching the Internet for information may make people feel smarter than they actually are, according to new research. In a series of experiments, participants who searched for information on the Internet believed they were more knowledgeable than a control group about topics unrelated to the online searches. In a result that surprised the researchers, participants had an inflated sense of their own knowledge after searching the Internet even when they couldn't find the information they were looking for.

New clues to why poor nutrition in the womb leads to obesity later in life Posted: 31 Mar 2015 07:08 AM PDT Babies receiving poor nutrition in the womb tend to be smaller at birth, which has been linked to the development of obesity and other health problems later in life. Researchers continue to discover other consequences related to undernutrition during pregnancy. A new study examines how poor fetal nutrition affects protein expression in the fat tissue of adult rats, revealing key differences between males and females.

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