ScienceDaily: Top News

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• Musical training creates new brain connections in children
• As life expectancy grows, men still lagging
• Rockfish siblings shed new light on how offspring diffuse and disperse
• Antihypertensive medications and fracture risk: Is there an association?
• Reconditioning the brain to overcome fear
• Blood test could predict best treatment for lung cancer
• For chimps, mothers matter
• Keratin and melanosomes preserved in 130-million-year-old bird fossil
• Targeting mysteries of deep Earth: Water deeper in planet than scientists previously believed
• New clues emerge in 30-year-old superconductor mystery
• Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis is crucial for legume plant microbiome assembly
• 'Minimal' shoes may reduce running injuries
• A(H5N8) risk to humans is very low
• Enhanced nitrous oxide emissions found in field warming experiment in the Arctic
• 'Nice' women earn less than their more assertive counterparts
• Sniffing out cultural differences
• Structure of human astrovirus could lead to antiviral therapies, vaccines
• A good combination: Model and experiment for a deeper look
• Insight into the brain's control of hunger, satiety
• Immune receptors amplify 'invader' signals by turning into mini-machines
• A phone that charges in seconds?
• Large number of dwarf galaxies discovered in the early universe
• Protein that protects during stress sheds light on how diabetes drug prevents tumors
• Record-breaking faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way discovered
• Drug and alcohol addiction treatment results improved when teens stopped smoking, researcher finds
• What your choice of smartphone says about you
• Marine microalgae, a new sustainable food and fuel source
• Researchers study how reflectivity of biofuel crops impacts climate
• Scientists create innovative drug design strategy to improve breast cancer treatment
• Gene study finds hearts 'primed to fail'
• New tabletop technique probes outermost electrons of atoms deep inside solids
• Dementia on the downslide, especially among people with more education, study finds
• Concrete jungle functions as carbon sink, researchers find
• Scientists tissue engineer human intestines and functioning nerves
• X-rays capture unprecedented images of photosynthesis in action
• New sensor system predicts heart failure events
• Sexism may be harmful to men's mental health
• Ocean acidification study offers warnings for marine life, habitats
• The best way to cover your sneeze
• Archaeological excavation unearths evidence of turkey domestication 1,500 years ago
• Sooner on your feet after hip fracture
• Computer scientists work to prevent hackers from remotely controlling cars
• Cement materials are an overlooked and substantial carbon 'sink'
• Charting a new course for Keratoconus
• Native Americans raised turkeys long before first Thanksgiving
• Most women unaware of breast density's effect on cancer risk, study finds
• When the going gets negative, recruit working memory
• Frontline attack against HIV infection is closer to reality
• Three risk factors suggest a reduction in healthy renal function in patients with diabetes
• Newborn screening practices: Issue of genetic ownership examined
• Vitamin D supplements may benefit children with autism spectrum disorder
• Smart drug targets the deadliest brain cancer for destruction
• Flavors influence appeal and use of most tobacco products, especially for youth
• Decline in emissions also has negative implications
• Mechanism of protective protein identified in fight against harmful bacteria
• Microbes produce organic plastics from flue gas, electricity
• El Niño conditions in Pacific precede dengue fever epidemics in South Asia
• Gut bacteria affect our metabolism
• New research links genetic defects in carbohydrate digestion to irritable bowel syndrome
• Alzheimer's disease proteins could be at fault for leading cause of vision loss among older people

Musical training creates new brain connections in children Posted: 21 Nov 2016 03:04 PM PST Taking music lessons increases brain fiber connections in children and may be useful in treating autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to a new study.

As life expectancy grows, men still lagging Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:58 PM PST A new study of mortality patterns in humans, monkeys and apes suggests that the last few generations of humans have enjoyed the biggest life expectancy boost in primate history. Yet males still lag behind females -- not just in humans but across the primate family tree.

Rockfish siblings shed new light on how offspring diffuse and disperse Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:57 PM PST A splitnose rockfish's thousands of tiny offspring can stick together in sibling groups from the time they are released into the open ocean until they move to shallower water, research shows.

Antihypertensive medications and fracture risk: Is there an association? Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:55 PM PST Further examination of randomized clinical trial data suggests that thiazide diuretics to treat hypertension may be associated with lower risk of hip and pelvic fractures compared with some other antihypertensive medications, according to an article.

Reconditioning the brain to overcome fear Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:52 PM PST Researchers have discovered a way to remove specific fears from the brain, using a combination of artificial intelligence and brain scanning technology. Their technique could lead to a new way of treating patients with conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias.

Blood test could predict best treatment for lung cancer Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:50 PM PST A blood test could predict how well small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients will respond to treatment, according to new research.

For chimps, mothers matter Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:49 PM PST Think of all the things your mom taught you - sit up straight, close your mouth when you chew your food, remember to say please and thank you...the list goes on. When it comes to learning how to behave, though, humans aren't alone in looking to our Moms.

Keratin and melanosomes preserved in 130-million-year-old bird fossil Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:44 PM PST New research has found evidence of original keratin and melanosome preservation in a 130-million-year-old Eoconfuciusornis specimen. The work extends the timeframe in which original molecules may preserve, and demonstrates the ability to distinguish between ancient microstructures in fossils.

Targeting mysteries of deep Earth: Water deeper in planet than scientists previously believed Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:41 PM PST A mineral far below Earth's surface may hold the key to how much water is stored in the planet, a researcher says.

New clues emerge in 30-year-old superconductor mystery Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:40 PM PST One of the greatest mysteries of experimental physics is how so-called high-temperature superconducting materials work. Despite their name, high-temperature superconductors operate at chilly temperatures less than minus 135 degrees Celsius. They can be used to make superefficient power cables, medical MRIs, particle accelerators, and other devices. Cracking the mystery of how these materials work could lead to superconducting devices that operate at room temperatures, and could revolutionize electrical devices.

Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis is crucial for legume plant microbiome assembly Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:38 PM PST New findings from a study of legumes have identified an unknown role of nitrogen fixation symbiosis on plant root-associated microbiome, which agriculture may benefit from in the future.

'Minimal' shoes may reduce running injuries Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:02 PM PST Runners who wear running shoes with no cushioning and land on the ball of their foot rather than the heel put significantly less demand on their bodies, new research suggests.

A(H5N8) risk to humans is very low Posted: 21 Nov 2016 02:00 PM PST Eight European countries have reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) viruses in wild birds, zoo birds and poultry holdings. This is the second time this virus has been introduced into Europe via the autumn migration of wild birds although A(H5N8) has been circulating continuously in Asia since 2010. Full genome sequencing of recent HPAI A(H5N8) viruses suggest that these viruses remain essentially bird viruses without any specific increased risk for humans. No human infections with this virus have ever been reported world-wide. ECDC's updated rapid risk assessment concludes that the risk of transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low.

Enhanced nitrous oxide emissions found in field warming experiment in the Arctic Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:54 PM PST The Arctic is warming rapidly, with projected temperature increases larger than anywhere else in the world. The Arctic regions are particularly important with respect to climate change, as permafrost soils store huge amounts of the Earth's soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Warming of arctic soils and thawing of permafrost thus can have substantial consequences for the global climate, as the large C and N stores could be released to the atmosphere as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The release of these heat-trapping gases, in turn, has the potential to further enhance climate warming.

'Nice' women earn less than their more assertive counterparts Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:52 PM PST A new study finds that the nicer, or more agreeable, a woman is at work, the lower her salary is likely to be. The new research examines status inconsistencies between men and women through the lens of traditional male and female characteristics.

Sniffing out cultural differences Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:31 PM PST When two people smell the same thing, they can have remarkably different reactions, depending on their cultural background. Researchers have found that even when two cultures share the same language and many traditions, their reactions to the same smells can be different.

Structure of human astrovirus could lead to antiviral therapies, vaccines Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:30 PM PST A new study shows where neutralizing antibody binds to human astrovirus, a leading cause of viral diarrhea in children, elderly, and immune-compromised people.

A good combination: Model and experiment for a deeper look Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:28 PM PST Doctors performing medical check-ups want a full picture of the patient's health without using the scalpel. Engineers who want to investigate the stability of a bridge without cutting into it are in the same position. Non-destructive testing methods play a major role in guaranteeing quality and safety, driving substantial interest in refined methodologies. Now researchers have developed a method that gives a precise picture of the inner world of objects combining a computerized model and experiment.

Insight into the brain's control of hunger, satiety Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:27 PM PST Researchers have identified previously unknown neural circuitry that plays a role in promoting satiety, the feeling of having had enough to eat. The discovery revises the current models for homeostatic control -- the mechanisms by which the brain maintains the body's status quo -- of feeding behavior.

Immune receptors amplify 'invader' signals by turning into mini-machines Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:26 PM PST When a receptor on the surface of a T cell -- a sentry of the human immune system -- senses a single particle from a harmful intruder, it immediately kicks the cell into action, launching a larger immune response. But exactly how the signal from a single receptor, among thousands on each T cell, can be amplified to affect a whole cell has puzzled immunologists for decades.

A phone that charges in seconds? Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:20 PM PST Scientists have developed a new process for creating flexible supercapacitors that can store more energy and be recharged more than 30,000 times without degrading.

Large number of dwarf galaxies discovered in the early universe Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:19 PM PST Astronomers have found, for the first time, a large population of distant dwarf galaxies that could reveal important details about a productive period of star formation in the universe billions of years ago.

Protein that protects during stress sheds light on how diabetes drug prevents tumors Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:18 PM PST Researchers have identified a previously unknown mechanism that helps fortify the structure and tight junctions between epithelial cells — a basic cell type that lines various body cavities and organs throughout the body, forming a protective barrier against toxins, pathogens and inflammatory triggers. Breaches of this barrier can provoke organ dysfunction and development of tumors.

Record-breaking faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way discovered Posted: 21 Nov 2016 12:59 PM PST Astronomers have found an extremely faint dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The satellite, named Virgo I, lies in the direction of the constellation Virgo. At the absolute magnitude of -0.8 in the optical waveband, it may well be the faintest satellite galaxy yet found. Its discovery suggests the presence of a large number of yet-undetected dwarf satellites in the halo of the Milky Way and provides important insights into galaxy formation through hierarchical assembly of dark matter.

Drug and alcohol addiction treatment results improved when teens stopped smoking, researcher finds Posted: 21 Nov 2016 11:46 AM PST Addiction treatment results improved when teens in a residential program stopped smoking, new research confirms.

What your choice of smartphone says about you Posted: 21 Nov 2016 11:42 AM PST Android users are more honest than iPhone users say psychologists, in a study published this week which is the first to find a link between personality and smartphone type.

Marine microalgae, a new sustainable food and fuel source Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:16 AM PST Taken from the bottom of the marine food chain, microalgae may soon become a top-tier contender to combat global warming, climate change and food insecurity.

Researchers study how reflectivity of biofuel crops impacts climate Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:16 AM PST Researchers have conducted a detailed study of the albedo (reflectivity) effects of converting land to grow biofuel crops. Based on changes in albedo alone, their findings reveal that greenhouse gas emissions in land use change scenarios represent a net warming effect for ethanol made from miscanthus grass and switchgrass, but a net cooling effect for ethanol made from corn.

Scientists create innovative drug design strategy to improve breast cancer treatment Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:16 AM PST A new study offers a novel structure-based drug design strategy aimed at altering the basic landscape of this type of breast cancer treatment.

Gene study finds hearts 'primed to fail' Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:10 AM PST Around one per cent of the population carry a gene which could mean they have hearts 'primed to fail," a new study has discovered.

New tabletop technique probes outermost electrons of atoms deep inside solids Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:10 AM PST Researchers have invented a new way to probe the valence electrons of atoms deep inside a crystalline solid, outlines a new report.

Dementia on the downslide, especially among people with more education, study finds Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:09 AM PST In a hopeful sign for the health of the nation's brains, the percentage of American seniors with dementia is dropping, a new study finds. The downward trend has emerged despite something else the study shows: a rising tide of three factors that are thought to raise dementia risk by interfering with brain blood flow, namely diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity.

Concrete jungle functions as carbon sink, researchers find Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:09 AM PST Cement manufacturing is among the most carbon-intensive industrial processes, but an international team of researchers has found that over time, the widely used building material reabsorbs much of the carbon dioxide emitted when it was made.

Scientists tissue engineer human intestines and functioning nerves Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:09 AM PST Scientists report using human pluripotent stem cells to grow human intestinal tissues that have functioning nerves in a laboratory, and then using these to recreate and study a severe intestinal nerve disorder called Hirschsprung's disease.

X-rays capture unprecedented images of photosynthesis in action Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:09 AM PST An international team of scientists is providing new insight into the process by which plants use light to split water and create oxygen. In experiments, ultrafast X-ray lasers were able to capture atomic-scale images of a protein complex found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria at room temperature.

New sensor system predicts heart failure events Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:06 AM PST A suite of sensors can predict heart failure events by detecting when a patient's condition is worsening, according to a new report.

Sexism may be harmful to men's mental health Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:06 AM PST Men who see themselves as playboys or as having power over women are more likely to have psychological problems than men who conform less to traditionally masculine norms, according to research.

Ocean acidification study offers warnings for marine life, habitats Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:06 AM PST Acidification of the world's oceans could drive a cascading loss of biodiversity in some marine habitats, according to new research.

The best way to cover your sneeze Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:06 AM PST It's normal to sneeze: It's the body's natural reflex to an invader -- whether pollen, cat hair or a virus that leads to the common cold -- in your nose linings. No matter the cause, your sneezes spread germs, and it's best to catch them the correct way to prevent spreading illness.

Archaeological excavation unearths evidence of turkey domestication 1,500 years ago Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:55 AM PST The turkeys we'll be sitting down to eat on Thursday have a history that goes way back. Archaeologists have unearthed a clutch of domesticated turkey eggs used as a ritual offering 1,500 years ago in Oaxaca, Mexico -- some of the earliest evidence of turkey domestication.

Sooner on your feet after hip fracture Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:23 AM PST An already available drug can help patients get back on their feet more rapidly after a hip fracture, according to an international study. The results suggest that treatment with the drug accelerates the healing process in broken bones.

Computer scientists work to prevent hackers from remotely controlling cars Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:23 AM PST A luxury vehicle today contains multiple computers. During an hour's drive, it thus produces multiple gigabytes of data. Even less expensive vehicles are now brimming with information technology. The growing interconnection of the individual components opens dangerous security holes. One of these has now been closed by computer scientists -- with the help of software that manufacturers can retrofit into any car.

Cement materials are an overlooked and substantial carbon 'sink' Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:23 AM PST A new study involving the University of East Anglia (UEA) shows that cement structures are a substantial but overlooked absorber of carbon emissions – offsetting some of those emitted during cement production itself.

Charting a new course for Keratoconus Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:13 AM PST Young adults now have access to an outpatient procedure that can help prevent progressive vision loss and avoid corneal transplants.

Native Americans raised turkeys long before first Thanksgiving Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:13 AM PST Hundreds of years before the first Thanksgiving, Native Americans were raising and feasting on America's classic holiday meal. This is the first time scientists have suggested that turkeys were potentially domesticated by early Native Americans in the southeastern United States.

Most women unaware of breast density's effect on cancer risk, study finds Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:13 AM PST Most women don't know that having dense breasts increases their risk for breast cancer and reduces a mammogram's ability to detect cancer, according to a study. A random phone survey of 1,024 Virginia women ages 35 to 70 found that just 1 in 8 women were aware that breast density is a risk factor for breast cancer, while just 1 in 5 women knew that dense breasts reduced the sensitivity of mammograms to find tumors.

When the going gets negative, recruit working memory Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:13 AM PST Working memory, the ability to process information, may play an important role in coping with negative life events, according to a new study.

Frontline attack against HIV infection is closer to reality Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:11 AM PST Significant progress has been made in the development of a potential vaccine to protect against HIV infection, report scientists.

Three risk factors suggest a reduction in healthy renal function in patients with diabetes Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:11 AM PST Patients with diabetes and suffering from acute kidney injury (AKI), proteinuria and uncontrolled blood sugar experience a sharp reduction in the number of years they have healthy renal function before being forced onto dialysis, according to researchers.

Newborn screening practices: Issue of genetic ownership examined Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:11 AM PST While newborn screening is one of the national public health services that has transformed preventive healthcare, there are certain ethical and legal concerns about what happens to the babies' genetic information beyond the tests.

Vitamin D supplements may benefit children with autism spectrum disorder Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:09 AM PST Vitamin D supplementation improved symptoms of autism in a recent trial, report researchers.

Smart drug targets the deadliest brain cancer for destruction Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:54 AM PST Scientists have designed a smart drug that only targets and kills GBM brain cancer cells. They have validated the compound that sensitizes GBM tumors to chemotherapy and results in a significant extension of life in an animal model.

Flavors influence appeal and use of most tobacco products, especially for youth Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:54 AM PST The impact of non-menthol tobacco flavors on consumers' perceptions and tobacco use behaviors have been demonstrated in the results of a systematic review of 40 studies completed in the United States and internationally.

Decline in emissions also has negative implications Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 AM PST Scientists clarify the causes of the increasing brown coloration of the water in reservoirs in a new report that addresses continued implications of declining emissions.

Mechanism of protective protein identified in fight against harmful bacteria Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 AM PST A new understanding of a protein that plays an important role in protecting bacterial cells associated with harmful infections has been gathered through new research. Understanding the protein's protective mechanism could help in the development of new antibacterial agents, say scientists.

Microbes produce organic plastics from flue gas, electricity Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 AM PST Researchers are working on an efficient and inexpensive method for the production of organic plastics. In the a new project, they use microorganisms that produce polyhydroxybutyric acid from flue gas, air, and renewable power. The optimized process of microbial electrosynthesis opens up further perspectives for the future production of biofuel or for the storage of power from regenerative sources in the form of chemical products, for instance.

El Niño conditions in Pacific precede dengue fever epidemics in South Asia Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 AM PST Researchers have found a strong association between El Niño-Southern Oscillation conditions in the Pacific to observed weather and dengue epidemics in Sri Lanka. According to a study , el Niño activity -- measured in sea surface temperature in the pacific -- impacts rainfall and temperatures in Sri Lanka and thus contributes to exacerbated dengue epidemics six months later.

Gut bacteria affect our metabolism Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 AM PST Mice that receive gut bacteria transplants from overweight humans are known to gain more weight than mice transplanted with gut bacteria from normal weight subjects, even when the mice are fed the same diet. A new study confirms this finding while seeking new perspectives on the reasons behind this link.

New research links genetic defects in carbohydrate digestion to irritable bowel syndrome Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:35 AM PST Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects a large portion of the general population. New research coordinated by Karolinska Institutet now shows a link between defective sucrase-isomaltase gene variants and IBS.

Alzheimer's disease proteins could be at fault for leading cause of vision loss among older people Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:35 AM PST Research provides new insight into possible causes of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss among people aged 50 and older.

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